Maths for ML / Notation

∝\propto

proportional to

Arithmetic and relationsIntermediate

Say it “is proportional to”

Equal up to a constant multiplier you're choosing to ignore.

Example

p(θ∣D)∝p(D∣θ) p(θ)p(\theta\mid D) \propto p(D\mid\theta)\,p(\theta)

Bayes' rule without the normalizer.

Where you’ll see it in ML

Bayesian posteriors and unnormalized scores before softmax.

Don’t confuse it with

Lessons that use it

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